PARP1 and brain ischemia: In mouse models of cerebral ischemia, PARP1 fragmentation along with caspase activation was observed and intraperitoneal administration of peptide-based caspase inhibitors including zVAD-fmk or genetic deficiency of caspase-3 protected from ischemia-induced brain injury and reduced neurological deficits (28, 29, 30, 31).