VEGFA and ischemia: After an ischemic insult, it was observed that there was a dose-dependent (less effect at 10 μM; Emo10 + IR = 1.18 ± 0.24/3.99 ± 2.86; n = 6) and significant effect (P = 0.02/0.03 at 20 μM; Emo20 + IR = 1.00 ± 0.19/1.23 ± 0.44; n = 6) of emodin whereby it blunted the significant (P < 0.001) upregulation of β-catenin/VEGF protein that was brought about by ischemia compared to pre-ischemic intravitreous vehicle (Vehicle+IR = 1.64 ± 0.14/7.67 ± 2.57; n = 6).