LEP and esophageal adenocarcinoma: In particular, the oncogenic effect of leptin has been reported to modulate the cellular response to radiation [176], angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis [177], and chemoresistance in gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas [178], as well as to stimulate the proliferation, invasion, and migration and inhibit the apoptosis of OE33 esophageal adenocarcinoma cells [179].