As discussed above, the response of bone to mechanical signals is dependent on both functional ER and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, but the net effects on mechanotransduction are dependent on the estrogen status of vertebrates (e.g., ovariectomy) at least in mice, and may also be altered in postmenopausal osteoporosis in humans [4,11,16]. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is postmenopausal osteoporosis.