TNF and colitis: In a rat colitis model, the potential therapeutic anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activity of mango involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) by proanthocyanidin [9], inhibition via tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [10], IGF-1/mTOR pathway [11], as well as PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [7].