In one study using a 3D co-culture model (osteoblast/breast cancer), it was identified that the addition of bone remodeling cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor resulted in increased proliferation in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 BMRS1 (37). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is breast carcinoma.