We also examined the Nrf2 level in primary HUVECs extracted and isolated from endothelial tissues of umbilical cord vein with or without GDM, and a lower Nrf2 level was observed in GDM HUVECs when compared with normal HUVECs at both protein and mRNA levels (Figures 2A, C). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to gestational diabetes.