These results suggest the Ab responses elicited by the RBD-12GS- and RBD-16GS-I53-50 nanoparticle immunogens are of higher quality than that obtained from immunization with the S-2P trimer or acquired during natural infection, perhaps because it is focused on epitopes in the RBD that are the target of most neutralizing Abs (Piccoli et al., 2020). Here, DDX41 is linked to infection.