ACE and chronic kidney disease: Although a number of treatments have been developed, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (Berl 2009; Macconi 2010), the absolute risk of renal and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in CKD patients remains high (Lambers Heerspink and de Zeeuw 2013).