CSF3 and infection: For patients with HBV-associated ACLF, G-CSF treatment has demonstrated safety and efficacy, which contribute to increasing the liver CD34+ cell and peripheral neutrophil count, reducing the MELD score, avoiding septicemia and new infections, and finally improving overall survival in patients with the disease.66–68 Meanwhile, for patients with pediatric ACLF, G-CSF treatment did not demonstrate significant efficacy in improving the outcome69 because ACLF in children can rapidly develop into multiple organ failure.