The expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, including NFκB, MAPK, mTOR, STAT, and c-Myc8,9, while PD-L1 protein undergoes degradation in proteasomes or lysosomes by multiple pathways10–16, leading to increased effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy (Figs. 1 and 2 and Tables 1 and 2). Here, MTOR is linked to cancer.