TNF and neoplasm: The pro-inflammatory factor, MIF, was shown to promote metastases by (i) initiating the NF-κB signaling cascade resulting in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6; (ii) promoting MMPs activity; (iii) increasing tumor infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells [45, 46]; (iv) promoting EMT [47]; and (v) exerting pro-survival [48] and anti-apoptotic activities [49].