For example, among the 4 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)–associated proteins shown in the network, TGFB1 is the direct target of HCoV-229E, and all 4 proteins (TGFB1, DEFB1, SNAI1, and ADAM33) interact with at least 1 SARS-CoV-2 target protein. Here, SNAI1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.