In contrast to IL-23 and IFNα, the mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8 were not significantly affected by sEV isolated from the synovial fluid of RA patients (Supplementary Figures 4A–C), miR-574-5p oe sEV or R848 (Supplementary Figures 4D–I). Here, CXCL8 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.