Aerobic exercise and high-intensity PRT may be a promising primary treatment for depression as they may induce biopsychosocial effects (effects on neurotrophic factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, monoamine, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, self-efficacy, mastery experience, adaptive coping and social interaction), which may ameliorate the severity of depressive symptoms. Here, NTF3 is linked to major depressive disorder.