As TGF-β signaling is known as a marker for the invasive phenotype22,23, we assessed if PSMD14 knockdown induces melanoma migration; however, melanoma migration was inhibited after PSMD14 knockdown (Fig. 3A) together with SLUG reduction, suggesting that the inhibition of migration is independent of SMAD3 induction in melanoma. Here, TGFB1 is linked to melanoma.