The results showed that TGF-β1 significantly promoted the migration and invasion of CRC cells (Fig. 3a, b and Fig. S1g, h) and increased the expression of Smad2, vimentin, N-cadherin, and MMP9 while decreasing the expression of E-cadherin (Fig. 3c). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and colorectal carcinoma.