It was reported that CAFs promoted VM formation in HCC by paracrine TGF-β and SDF1 [30]; CAFs-derived HGF promoted vascularization in gastric cancer via PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling [31]; CAFs induced VM formation in gastric cancer cells through EphA2-PI3K pathway [32]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.