ALDH7A1 and diabetes mellitus: Rolipram, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, and pentoxifylline, which is a general inhibitor and also blocks the adenosine receptor, have been shown to increase intracellular cAMP levels and may thus suppress inflammatory cytokine production, preventing idiopathic diabetes and cyclophosphamide-accelerated diabetes (CYP) in nondiabetic (NOD) and suggest that the PDE inhibitors (cilostamide, rolipram, and PTX) can protect islets against autoimmunity [18].