TGFB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A pivotal study by Miao et al. revealed increased methylation of lysine 9 in the H3 histone protein (H3K9me2) in lymphocytes from T1D patients: importantly, several of the genes affected had been linked with T1D pathology, such as CLTA4, a known T1D susceptibility gene, as well as genes affecting the signaling pathways of the immune mediators transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), nuclear factor-ĸB (NF- ĸB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), toll-like receptors (TLRs), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [40].