HDAC9 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) were investigated by Lundh et al. after finding that pancreatic beta cells from children with newly diagnosed T1D exhibited relatively higher levels of HDAC1 and lower levels of HDACs-2 and -3 compared to controls; investigating this further in vitro, the authors showed that inhibition of HDAC1 and -3, but not HDAC2, protected primary and immortalized rat beta cells from apoptosis due to inflammatory cytokine exposure [43].