HMGB1 and intestinal volvulus: There are several reports on the correlation between serum HMGB1 levels and certain diseases in dogs, such as lymphoma, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, gastric dilatation and volvulus, and pancreatitis19, 20, 21, 22, 23; however, among the cerebral diseases of dog, encephalitis is the only disease that correlated with HMGB1 levels in CSF.24