This cardiac hypertrophy is associated with increased ROS levels and activation of the protein kinase C, p38 MAPK, apoptosis-signaling kinase 1, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), Protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), and NF-κβ signaling pathways. Here, MAPK3 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.