ATRX and cancer: In addition, we found 33 events in which the new exons induce a frameshift, which leads to the truncation of the canonical protein transcript in several genes, including five in cancer-related genes21, namely, ATRX, STK11, MAP4K3, MDM2, and MAX. Four complex events involve concurrent exon shrinkage and the inclusion of a new exon, which occur in the UTR or IGR.