As IL-1β is critically involved in the translation of obesity-related inflammation into diseases of adjacent organs (57–59), it is plausible to assume that the IL-1β derived from the adipose tissue contributes, at least in part, to the increased IL-1β level in the testes and to subsequent Leydig cell malfunction. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.