ATG12 and cancer: For example, pathogenic alleles of ATG5, ATG10, ATG12 and ATG16L1 have been all linked to changes in susceptibility or treatment efficiency in neck squamous cell cancer [103,114,115,116], hepatocellular carcinoma [117] and lung adenocarcinoma [118] and others have been found to also affect development of other types of cancer, such as melanoma [119], brain metastases in patients with non-small lung cancer [120] or breast cancer [121,122,123,124].