PGC-1α, by coactivating nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF-1 and NRF-2), induces the expression of transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM).109 As the name suggests, TFAM serves as a transcription factor and is a master of mtDNA replication and repair.110,111 Mitochondrial biogenesis can serve dichotomous roles in cancer metastasis, depending on the dynamic metabolic requirements of metastatic cells. This evidence concerns the gene NRF1 and cancer.