The strengths of this study were the relatively large cohorts for comparison that were age matched (and BMI matched in women without PCOS) and the complementary laboratory platforms for biochemical analysis; the exception to this was testosterone that was measured by immunoassay rather than gold standard tandem mass spectroscopy in the Middle East subjects that can be a problem due DHEAS cross reactivity in the immunoassay leading to potential assay interference y22, but the number of subjects would have mitigated against the relative imprecision of the assay. Here, SULT2A1 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.