These variables include age, family history, missed follow up, from preceding infection; tonsillitis, gastroenteritis, and meningitis, from acute recent illness at the time of DKA; upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, tonsillitis, gastroenteritis, and otitis media, children with severe malnutrition, types of drug used, medication adherence and insulin storage at home. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is susceptibility to pneumonia measurement.