TNF and hepatitis A virus infection: ASMase is required in TNF-induced hepatocellular apoptosis, TNF plus D-(+)-galactosamine (TNF/Gal)-mediated fulminant liver failure and Fas-induced lethal hepatitis [89,90,91], in which the recruitment of mitochondria is involved through ganglioside GD3 generation and further apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) inhibition [92,93].