PAH and pulmonary arterial hypertension: After optimization (3.5 nM PDDA or 25 nM PAH, and 10 nM of the pL1 aptamer), the aptasensors were able to detect from 8.7 pM PvLDH for PDDA and 8.3 pM PvLDH for PAH, and 10.3 pM PfLDH for PDDA and 12.5 pM PfLDH for PAH.