MAPK3 and chronic cystitis: In this study, gene expression of a Schistosoma hematobium derived micro RNA “Sha-miR-71a” and its gene target MAPK-3 mitogen-activated protein kinase-316 was measured in urine samples of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer (BBC and NBBC) as well as patients with bilharzial cystitis using real-time reverse transcription RT-PCR.