TNF and infection: Consistently, the expression of Ifnb, Il6, or Isg56 and the production of IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF were significantly impaired in primary Rnf115−/− MLFs or BMDCs compared to the wild-type counterparts after infection with HSV-1, or transfection with dsDNA ligands or cGAMP (Fig. 3a, b and Supplementary Fig. 6a, b).