Upon viral infection, the E3 ligase TRIM31 catalyzes K63-linked ubiquitination and promotes aggregation and activation of MAVS which is prevented by the Otubain family deubiquitinating enzyme YOD1, and TRIM21 induces K27-linked ubiquitination of MAVS to promote the recruitment of TBK1 to MAVS18–20. The gene discussed is MAVS; the disease is viral infectious disease.