Collectively, these factors are referred to as metastatic mediators and prime examples include VEGF, TGFβ, chemokines (e.g., IL-8, MCP-1), and various other cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNFα, and angiopoietins) produced by the respective cancer cells and tumour-associated cells. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.