Finally, Kamata et al. [89], investigated in a murine model of AIP the role of immune response against intestinal microflora, via plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) activation, whose products, interferon (IFN)-α and interleukin (IL)-33, are responsible for chronic inflammation and pancreatic fibrosis [89,90,91,92]. This evidence concerns the gene IL33 and autoimmune pancreatitis.