ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Chronic kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; BNP, B-type Natriuretic Peptide. Here, ACE is linked to chronic kidney disease.