Biologic and traditional immunomodulators including thalidomide, TNF-α inhibitors, IL-6 blockers, montelukast, and pentoxifylline have been used for treatment of refractory TB-IRIS in case reports, but as yet there is inadequate evidence to recommend any of these for routine use (Table 1) [101,102,104,105,106,108,109,110]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and tuberculosis.