CD274 and neoplasm: In the tumor microenvironment (TME), innate immune resistance is driven by constitutively expressed PD-L1 on tumor cells that is mediated by genetic alterations (gene amplification [14], translocations [15], and disruption of 3′ UTR region [16]), aberrant oncogenic signaling, and hypoxia through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α [17].