PD-L1 expression in the TME is induced by activation of different oncogenic signaling pathways: in T cell lymphoma by ALK/STAT3 axis [18], in classical Hodgkin lymphoma by AP-1/JAK/STAT [19], in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by EGFR [20], in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma by c-jun/STAT3 [21], and in glioma by PI3K [22] to name a few. Here, STAT3 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.