Women diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine disorder characterized by high AMH levels, hyperinsulinemia, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and hyperandrogenism, also present with unfavorable lipid profiles, hypertension, subfertility, higher fasting insulin levels and arterial stiffness, and have a higher risk for developing CVD (21, 44). Here, INS is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.