The most evident observations for a role of TLR signaling in CLL are increased expression of TLR9 in CLL cells compared to healthy B cells (98, 99), TLR pathway activation in LN CLL cells as shown by gene array studies (19, 24), as well as in situ proximity ligation assay experiments that showed the interaction of pIκBα with TLR9 and MYD88 in LN CLL cells (24). The gene discussed is MYD88; the disease is B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.