CASP3 and malignant colon neoplasm: Li et al. studied the biological function of PTBP1 in colon cancer cells and discovered that when PTBP1 is downregulated, Bax, cytochrome c, and p53 can be upregulated, and then apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3 and PARP1 are activated, thereby inducing apoptosis51.