IFNG and Cowden disease: Based on their relevance in CD pathogenesis, IFNγ (32, 33) and the gliadin peptide p31-43 (34, 35), as well as a synthetic TLR3 ligand, poly I:C, which is known to induce IL-33 expression in different cell lines and murine models (36–38) were evaluated in an in vitro assay using the human intestinal epithelial cell line, HT29.