Moreover, there has been concern that HCC recurrence rates may even be higher in patients who had received curative first line therapies for HCC and who subsequently received DAA therapy against chronic hepatitis C. In a recent paper from our group we showed that HCC surveillance may indeed be affected by DAA therapy of chronic HCV infection and identified that IL-12 could be a key player in the regulation of HCC-specific CD8+T cell responses (62). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and hepatocellular carcinoma.