AGER and infection: Additionally, increasing evidence demonstrate that HMGB1 can be released from cells under conditions of stress, such as injury, infection, and chemotherapy, and functions as damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP), eliciting immune and inflammatory response through interaction with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and some members of the Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) [13].