Furthermore, IPA of canonical pathways revealed the most upregulated signaling pathways in p39−/− hippocampi were (1) “Rac signaling,” (2) “PI3K/Akt signaling,” (3) “FAT10 cancer signaling pathway,” and (4) “regulation of actin-based motility by Rho” (Fig. 5d), while the most downregulated signaling pathways were (1) “PPAR-related signalings,” (2) “heterotrimeric G proteins” (i.e., Gα/q & Gαi), and (3) “cAMP-related pathways” (Fig. 5d). The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is cancer.