VEGFA and cancer: Thus, TNF-α is known to be a proinflammatory cytokine that can stimulate tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, through activation of NF-κB, VEGF and MMPs, while in other cases its antitumor role mediated by tumor stroma destruction predominates by stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte and macrophage tumor infiltration and dendritic cell activation, which can lead to strong regression of malignant tumors [69,70].