TNF and gestational diabetes: GDM is a disease complicated by chronic inflammatory response, and increased levels of relevant inflammatory factors (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2) in the peripheral plasma of pregnant women's placenta with GDM were detected (Figure 1(c)), suggesting that the inflammatory response is highly correlated with the development and progression of GDM leading to the GDM-associated clinicopathological characteristics and the possible consequences related to pregnancy outcomes.