Additionally, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis can increase the expression of cell-endothelium adhesion molecules in the bone marrow, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) and integrins α4β1, which further enhances multiple myeloma cells homing to the marrow (54). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and plasma cell myeloma.