These two proteins are involved in promoting calcification through TGF-β signaling pathway.11,12 Recent study by Wei et al, demonstrated that in comparison to normal aorta, mRNA expression and serum levels of both BMP-2 and BMP-4 and their receptor are upregulated in aorta lesions in rat model of CKD-related VC.13 In another study by Malhotra et al, using BMP signaling pathway antagonist in MGP deficient mice, VC rates decrease, indicating that BMP signaling is required for VSMC calcification.14 The gene discussed is MGP; the disease is chronic kidney disease.