There are multiple publications linking M-CSF/IL-34 and CSF-1R signaling in models of arthritis (113–116), diabetes (117), systemic lupus erythematosus (85, 118), cancer (119–121), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (122), Parkinson's disease (123), and Alzheimer's disease (124–126). Here, CSF1 is linked to cancer.