TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment can also triggers M2-polarized TAMs.149–151 Once polarized, M2 TAMs secrete various growth factors and cytokines, including TGF-β,152,153 interleukin-IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α,40,154,155 IL-1β,156,157 migration inhibitory factor (MIF)158, and chemokines such as CCL20,159 which are all capable of promoting EMT as previously described.